Sheet metal fabrication is a comprehensive manufacturing process that shapes sheet metal into functional shapes and structures. During the design and programming phase, CAD models are translated into machine instructions, optimizing the planar layout to improve material utilization during the nesting step. This is followed by cutting, which can be achieved through various high precision methods such as laser cutting and stamping, After cutting, the individual parts begin to bend. Bending machines use punches and dies to apply immense pressure, precisely folding the metal along the bending line to form a three-dimensional geometry, For more complex hollow shapes, the process may involve deep drawing, where the metal billet is drawn radially into a forming die, Welding, riveting, and the use of bolts and screws are then employed, Finally, the parts undergo finishing processes, including deburring, grinding, and surface treatment, Sheet metal fabrication is a systematic subtractive manufacturing and forming process.